Livestock Research for Rural Development 30 (2) 2018 Guide for preparation of papers LRRD Newsletter

Citation of this paper

Influence of nutrient matrix values application for exogenous enzymes and feeding wheat/barley on performance, gastrointestinal characteristics, viscosity of jejunal digesta, litter moisture and water consumption of broilers

S A Moftakharzadeh, H Moravej and M Shivazad

Department of Animal Science. Agriculture and Natural Source Pardis. University of Tehran. Iran
moftakharzadeh@ut.ac.ir
Seyed Adel Moftakharzadeh, Department of Animal Science. Agriculture and Natural Source Pardis. University of Tehran. Iran.

Abstract

The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of nutrient matrix values application for three NSP-enzymes on the performance, meat yield, water intake, litter moisture and jejunal digesta viscosity of chicks fed wheat/barley based diet. A total of 208-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 4 treatment groups, with 4 replicates per treatment group and 13 birds per replicate pen.. In entire period, supplementing basal diet with enzymes B and C significantly feed intake (FI) of broilers (P<0.05). Overall, from 0 to 42 days, enzyme significantly improved (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Enzyme has no effect on carcass yield and the relative weight of the thigh, liver, and gizzard as proportion of live weight (P>0.05) but only enzyme C lowered the relative weight of the breast as proportion of live weight (P< 0.05). The relative weight of the abdominal fat was significantly increased when enzymes A and C added to diet (P<0.05). However, only weight and length of jejunum at day 42 and Viscosity of jejunal content at Day 23 was decreased with enzyme (P<0.05), whereas pH jejunal digesta was not changed (P>0.05). The addition of enzyme B and C lowered water to feed ratio at day 5 and 15 while litter moisture reduced with all enzymes. The present results showed that use of nutrient matrix value for all used enzymes improved FCR and body weight of birds and can be used in formulating diets commercial broiler diets based on wheat/ barley.

Keywords: β-glucanase, xylanase, average daily gain, carcass yield, jejunum


Introduction

Although diets fed to broiler chickens are generally based on corn (Wang et al 2005), barley and wheat are important ingredients in broiler diets since these cereals are also rich in starch. Anti-nutritional compounds that have known as non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) are the most prominent agent that has confined use of wheat and barley at high dietary concentrations in poultry diets. The presence of β-glucans and pantosans via providing viscose condition (Ravindran et al 2007) and beheading enzyme-substrate reaction within the intestinal lumen (Sieo et al 2005) defect digestion, absorption of nutrients in poultry (Alam et al 2003). As a result, feed consumption and growth of bird would be impaired (Mathlouthi et al 2002; Salarmoini et al 2008). In addition to direct effects of NSPs in nutrients bioavailability, there appear to be secondary adverse effects of soluble-NSP on water intake and litter condition of poultry.

The use of exogenous enzymes in poultry nutrition is a common practice when corn price is high and the other hand the use of alternative cereals are economical. NSP-degrading enzyme can hydrolysis polysaccharide structure of the cell wall components and cause an increase in energy, amino acid (AA) digestibility in diets for poultry (Onderci et al 2008; Rodríguez et al 2012). Furthermore, this condition led to lower viscosity of digesta and brings drier droppings and litter (Cengiz et al 2012). The advantages of adding exogenous enzyme over on top of diet without application of matrix values for the enzyme to broiler diets are well documented by many researchers (lesson et al 2000; Shakouri et al 2009; Shirzadi et al 2010; Kiarie et al 2013). In this form, enzyme will be supplemented to poultry feed after formulation of diet. It is notable that addition of enzyme in this approach will have extra cost for producers. Nevertheless, to fully recognize the economic potential of enzyme, the amount of ME and amino acid released by enzyme needs to be evaluated. The nutrient matrix values for enzyme indicate the amount of nutrient that could be released when the enzyme is added to diet. Documentation of such information has the potential to help the producers to add less protein and metabolizable energy (ME) in diet for poultry, to reduce the cost of required feed. There are varieties of multi-enzymes available, and producers are presented with a challenge to choose of the suitable enzyme for improvement of their flock performance. Therefore, the purpose of this trial was to evaluate the nutrient matrix values for three NSP-enzymes on broilers performance that fed wheat/barley-based diets. Also, to compare these matrix values at similar energy and protein level of diet in same nutritional management.


Materials and methods

Birds and management

A total of 208 day-old male broiler chicks of commercial strain (Ross 308) were used in 4 treatments by 4 replicate growth study, with 13 chicks assigned to each replicate pen in floor pen. The average initial body weight of chicks in each pen was 42 gr. Environment temperature was kept at 34°C during the first 3 days of the trial and then reduced gradually according to age until reaching 22°C at 21 d. During of the period birds were exposed to continuous lighting.

Experimental design and diets

Once birds were randomly distributed among pens, each 4 pen assigned to one of the four formulated treatments to meet or exceed all nutrient recommendations published in the Ross rear guideline. The four dietary treatments in starter and grower period consisted of 60 percent wheat/barley supplemented without enzyme (control diet) and with enzyme including: A [Grind enzyme], B [Rovabio] and C [Safizyme]. Nonetheless, in finisher period, amounts of wheat and barley were increased in diets. The ingredient calculated nutrient contents of the experimental diets at starter, grower and finisher periods are shown in Table 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Mash feed and water were available for ad libitum consumption. Before formulating, all of the major dietary ingredients were analyzed for AMEn,, amino acid (AA) profiles (according to prediction formula existing in NRC), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) and macro mineral contents as described by AOAC. Starch of barley was determined by an enzymatic method (Conan and Carre 1989). The content of NSP of wheat and barley (Table 4) was measured using the method described by Englyst and Cumming. (1988).

Table 1. Ingredient and calculated nutrient contents (%) of the experimental diets given to broiler chickens at starter period

Ingredients

Starter (0 to 10d)

Control

Enzyme A

Enzyme B

Enzyme C

Barley

30.0

30.0

30.0

30.0

Wheat

30.0

30.0

30.0

30.0

Soybean meal

25.0

30.5

31.1

28.2

Gluten meal

7.00

2.41

2.91

5.07

Soya oil

3.23

2.54

1.44

2.41

L-lysine-HCL

0.65

0.49

0.48

0.54

DL-methionine

0.32

0.37

0.36

0.05

Dicalcium phosphate

1.58

1.46

1.45

1.47

Limestone

1.41

1.39

1.39

1.40

Sodium chloride

0.31

0.31

0.31

0.31

Vitamin premix1

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

Mineral premix2

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

Calculated nutrient contents

AME, kcal /kg

2860

Crude protein, %

21.4

Lysine, %

1.36

Methionine+cyctine, %

1.04

Crude fiber, %

3.73

Calcium, %

0.95

Available phosphorus, %

0.58

Sodium, %

0.15

1 Provided the following (per kg of diet): vitamin A (transretinyl acetate), 9,000 IU; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 2,000 IU; vitamin E (allrac- tocopherol acetate), 18 IU; vitamin K (bisulfate menadione complex), 2 mg; riboflavin, 6.6 mg; pantothenic acid (D-calcium pantothenate), 10 mg; pyridoxine (pyridoxine HCl), 3 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; thiamin (thiamin mononitrate), 1.8 mg; vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), 15 μg; D-biotin, 0.1 mg; niacin, 30 mg; choline (choline chloride), 500 mg and ethoxyquin, 0.1 mg.
2 Provided the following (per kg of diet): Se (Na2SeO3), 0.2 mg; I (KI), 1 mg; Cu (CuSO4.5H2O),10 mg; Fe (FeSO4 .7H2O), 50 mg; Zn (ZnO), 85 mg and Mn (MnSO4.H2O),100 mg.



Table 2. Ingredient and calculated nutrient contents (%) of the experimental diets given to broiler chickens at grower period

Ingredients

Grower (11 to 28d)

Wheat/Barley

Enzyme A

Enzyme B

Enzyme C

Barley

30.0

30.0

30.0

30.0

Wheat

30.0

30.0

30.0

30.0

Soybean meal

27.1

28.0

33.4

30.8

Gluten meal

5.20

4.40

1.00

2.80

Soya oil

4.28

4.06

2.10

3.11

L-lysine-HCL

0.10

0.11

0.14

0.02

DL-methionine

0.07

0.08

0.11

0.08

Dicalcium phosphate

1.13

1.20

1.10

1.11

Limestone

1.29

1.28

1.26

1.22

Sodium chloride

0.31

0.31

0.31

0.31

Vitamin premix1

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

Mineral premix2

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

Calculated nutrient contents

AME, kcal /kg

2900

Crude protein, %

21.2

Lysine, %

1.01

Methionine+cyctine, %

0.77

Crude fiber, %

3.63

Calcium, %

0.83

Available phosphorus, %

0.41

Sodium, %

0.15

1 Provided the following (per kg of diet): vitamin A (transretinyl acetate), 9,000 IU; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 2,000 IU; vitamin E (allrac- tocopherol acetate), 18 IU; vitamin K (bisulfate menadione complex), 2 mg; riboflavin, 6.6 mg; pantothenic acid (D-calcium pantothenate), 10 mg; pyridoxine (pyridoxine HCl), 3 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; thiamin (thiamin mononitrate), 1.8 mg; vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), 15 μg; D-biotin, 0.1 mg; niacin, 30 mg; choline (choline chloride), 500 mg and ethoxyquin, 0.1 mg.
2
Provided the following (per kg of diet): Se (Na2SeO3), 0.2 mg; I (KI), 1 mg; Cu (CuSO4.5H2O),10 mg; Fe (FeSO4 .7H2O), 50 mg; Zn (ZnO), 85 mg and Mn (MnSO4.H2O),100 mg.



Table 3. Ingredient and calculated nutrient contents (%) of the experimental diets given to broiler chickens at finisher period.

Ingredients

Finisher (29 to 42d)

Wheat/Barley

Enzyme A

Enzyme B

Enzyme C

Barley

33.7

33.0

34.0

34.0

Wheat

33.0

34.0

34.8

34.4

Soybean meal

19.0

18.0

21.0

20.0

Gluten meal

6.57

6.38

4.16

4.10

Soya oil

4.17

5.01

2.36

3.70

L-lysine-HCL

0.28

0.28

0.20

0.21

DL-methionine

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.16

Dicalcium phosphate

1.04

1.05

1.33

1.23

Limestone

1.31

1.30

1.10

1.31

Sodium chloride

0.32

0.32

0.30

0.32

Vitamin premix1

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

Mineral premix2

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

Calculated nutrient contents

AME, kcal /kg

3020

Crude protein, %

19

Lysine, %

1.02

Methionine+cyctine, %

0.82

Crude fiber, %

3.53

Calcium, %

0.81

Available phosphorus, %

0.40

Sodium, %

0.15

1 Provided the following (per kg of diet): vitamin A (transretinyl acetate), 9,000 IU; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 2,000 IU; vitamin E (allrac- tocopherol acetate), 18 IU; vitamin K (bisulfate menadione complex), 2 mg; riboflavin, 6.6 mg; pantothenic acid (D-calcium pantothenate), 10 mg; pyridoxine (pyridoxine HCl), 3 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; thiamin (thiamin mononitrate), 1.8 mg; vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), 15 μg; D-biotin, 0.1 mg; niacin, 30 mg; choline (choline chloride), 500 mg and ethoxyquin, 0.1 mg.
2 Provided the following (per kg of diet): Se (Na2SeO3), 0.2 mg; I (KI), 1 mg; Cu (CuSO4 .5H2O),10 mg; Fe (FeSO4 .7H2O), 50 mg; Zn (ZnO), 85 mg and Mn (MnSO4. H2O),100 mg.



Table 4. Total NSP composition of cereals used in diets1.

Item %

Barley

Wheat

Total NSP

18.9

13.8

Insoluble NSP

13.6

10.5

Soluble NSP

5.33

3.36

1 g/100 g of dry matter.

Application of Matrix Values for enzymes

Nutrient matrix values includes the amount of Metablizable energy, protein and AA that are anticipated to be released based on manufacturer recommendation were considered in order to add enzymes (Table 5). Then, these amounts of nutrients were subtracted from formulated diet's nutrients. Subsequently, enzyme added to diets. All of multi-enzymes contained mainly β-glucanase and xylanase activities and added to diet in powder form. These enzymes contained β-glucanase and xylanase activities mainly. Enzyme A consisted of endo-1,4-b-glucanase: 1500 BGU/kg diet; endo-1,4-b-xylanase 3600 FXU/kg, enzyme B consisted of β-glucanases 1420 units/kg diet and xylanases 660 units/kg diet and Enzyme C consisted of endo-1,3(4)-b-glucanase: 100 AGL/kg diet; endo-1,4-b- xylanase: 70 AXC units/kg diet.

Table 5. Nutrient matrix values of enzymes for broilers.

Nutrients

Enzyme A1

Enzyme B1

Enzyme C1

Amount provided
in the diet

Value

Amount provided
in the diet

Value

Amount provided
in the diet

Value

ME, kcal/kg

112

2,250,000

208

347,240

14.4

84,954

Crude protein, %

0.0402

80.4

0.0066

11.0

0.0589

347

Threonine, %

0.00349

6.99

0.00110

6.42

0.0012

7.00

Lysine, %

0.0150

30.0

0.000130

0.23

0.0999

6.00

Methionine + Cystine, %

0.0115

23.0

0.000270

0.46

0.0013

8.00

1 Enzyme A, B and C were added at 0.017, 0.06 and 0.05 of the diet, respectively.

Response criteria
Productive performance traits

All of birds were weighed at 10, 28, and 42 days of age and feed intake measured for each pen in these periods. Then feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated from these data by period and globally. Birds that died during the experiment were weighed. Feed wastage and mortality recorded and used to correct the performance criteria accordingly.

Carcass and gastrointestinal parameters

On 43 d, two birds per pen were wing-banded, slaughtered and eviscerated in order to determine carcass weight and carcass yield as well as thigh, breast (including skin and bone), liver (without gallbladder), gizzard and abdominal fat weights as a percentage of live weight. At day 23 and 42, to determine gastrointestinal parameters content of intestine were removed. Then, empty weights and lengths of the duodenum (pancreatic loop), jejunum (from the pancreatic loop to Meckel’s diverticulum) and the ileum (from Meckel’s diverticulum to the ileocecal junction) were measured.

Litter moisture and water intake

Water intake of chicks and feed consumption were recorded at 5, 15, 25, 33 and 40 days of age in a 24 h interval. Then water to feed ratio (W: F) was calculated from these data by days 5, 15, 25, 33, and 40 days of age. The percentage of litter moisture was measured by sampling from four point of each pen 42 d of age.

Intestinal viscosity

0n 23d, in order to measuring jejunal viscosity and pH, 2 birds per pen with body weights near the mean of each pen were selected and euthanized (by carbon dioxide). The jejunum (defined as the region from the pancreas to Meckel’s diverticulum) was dissected aseptically, and the digesta contents were collected and pooled by replicate as described by Lazaro et al. (2004). The digesta was homogenized, and two Eppendorf tubes were filled (1.5 g of sample) and centrifuged (12,500 × g, 3 min). The viscosity (in centipoises, cPs) of a 0.5-ml aliquot obtained from the supernatant solution was determined at 23 d of age with a digital viscosimeter (ModelDV-III, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories Inc., Stoughton, MA) at 25°C. Each sample was read four times and the average value was used for the statistical analysis. The pH values of the jejunal digesta were directly measured in situ using the glass electrode of a portable pH meter.

Statistical analysis

All data were analyzed as a randomized complete design using the general linear models procedure of SAS procedure of SAS (2002) and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare treatments (P< 0.05).


Results

Productive performance

Mortality was low (<3%) and was not related to dietary treatment. The growth performance parameters data at all periods are presented at Table 6. From 0 to 10 days, birds fed enzymes B and C had more feed intake (FI) than other treatments (P<0.05). Whereas, only birds fed diet containing enzyme C demonstrated significant feed intake from 11 to 28 days (P<0.05). Supplementation diet with enzyme resulted a significant increase in FI at finisher (P<0.05) and overall from 0 to 42 and the highest intake was for birds fed enzyme C. Adding enzyme B and C led to more ADG and less FCR than other treatments at starter period (P<0.05). Also, there was significant improve in ADG and FCR of birds at grower, finisher and overall period when enzyme added to basal diet except FCR for birds that received enzyme B at growing period. When diets containing enzyme were compared, all of growth performance parameters for chicks fed diet containing enzymes B and C showed higher than those fed enzyme A at starter period (P<0.05). At grower and from 0 to 42, feed intake and body weight for broilers fed enzyme C was the highest among birds were received enzyme. However, during finisher period, no significant difference has been observed among enzyme in relating to chicken's growth parameters.

Table 6. Effect of dietary treatments on the performance of broiler chicks at all periods.

Treatment

Starter period (0 to 10d)

Grower period (11 to 28d)

Finisher period (29 to 42d)

Over all period (0 to 42)

Final BW(gr)

ADFI

ADG

FCR

ADFI

ADG

FCR

ADFI

ADG

FCR

ADFI

ADG

FCR

Control

19.0b

10.0b

1.89a

85.4b

47.6c

1.79a

141b

69.6b

2.02a

84.9c

44.4c

1.91a

1865c

Enzyme A

18.8b

10.4b

1.80b

85.4b

52.5b

1.62b

150a

76.6a

1.96b

88.4bc

49.0b

1.80b

2059b

Enzyme B

24.1a

15.0a

1.60c

90.7b

52.9b

1.71ab

148a

76.3a

1.93b

90.4b

49.9b

1.80b

2099b

Enzyme C

24.2a

15.0a

1.61c

100a

59.4a

1.68b

152 a

77.2a

1.96b

95.2a

52.8a

1.80b

2216a

SEM

0.29

0.25

0.02

1.87

1.14

0.03

1.44

1.17

0.02

1.20

0.618

0.014

25.9

a-d Means within a column without common superscripts differ significantly, P<0.05.

Carcass characteristics and gastrointestinal parameters

Table 7 shows the effect of dietary treatments on Carcass characteristics and gastrointestinal parameters in 23 and 42-d-old chicks. Carcass and pancreas weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher when diet was given with enzyme rather than control diet and the heaviest carcass was belonged to enzyme C (P<0.05). There were no significant difference (P>0.05) in carcass yield, relative weight of the thigh, liver, gizzard among chicks receiving experimental diets. However, relative weight of the breast as proportion of live weight reduced when only enzyme C added to diet. There was not significant reduce in relative weight and length of small intestine and cecum except for jejunum at day 43 for birds fed enzyme C (Table 8 and 9). In addition, abdominal fat significantly (P<0.05) increased by enzymes A and C compared to control diet.

Table 7. Effect of dietary treatments on different parts of carcass characteristics of broiler chicks at 42 d

Treatment

Carcass
(gr)

Carcass
yield (%)

Breast

Thigh

Abdominal fat

Liver

Gizzaer

Pancreas

g/100 g of live body weight

Control

1299b

69.6

32.6a

28.3

1.19b

2.40

2.039

0.28a

Enzyme A

1452a

70.5

31.8ab

28.9

1.69a

2.34

1.97

0.23b

Enzyme B

1496a

71.2

32.1ab

28.6

1.31b

2.19

1.95

0.24b

Enzyme C

1527 a

68.9

30.0b

29.5

1.73a

2.25

1.92

0.22b

SEM

14.9

0.40

0.361

0.465

0.195

0.042

0.064

0.0105

a-c Means within a row without common superscripts differ significantly, P<0.05



Table 8. Effect of dietary treatments on relative weight and length of small intestine and cecum of broiler chicks at 23 d.

Treatment

Weight
g/100 g of live body weight

Length
cm/100 g of live body weight

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Left Cecum

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Left Cecum

Control

1.29

2.20

1.50

0.45

4.01

11.2

10.9

1.30

Enzyme A

1.30

2.14

1.49

0.42

3.99

10.6

10.5

1.26

Enzyme B

1.29

2.06

1.47

0.35

3.96

10.6

10.5

1.23

Enzyme C

1.11

2.14

1.43

0.38

3.88

10.1

10.2

1.19

SEM

0.029

0.043

0.019

0.019

0.066

0.248

0.209

0.021

a-c Means within a row without common superscripts differ significantly, P<0.05.



Table 9. Effect of dietary treatments on relative weight and length of small intestine and cecum of broiler chicks at 42 d.

Treatment

Weight
g/100 g of live body weight

Length
cm/100 g of live body weight

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Left Cecum

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Left Cecum

Control

0.59

1.48a

1.09

0.32

1.49ab

4.15a

3.89ab

1.30

Enzyme A

0.56

1.24b

1.07

0.29

1.47ab

3.83b

3.91ab

1.26

Enzyme B

0.58

1.26b

1.05

0.26

1.35b

3.77b

3.52b

1.23

Enzyme C

0.54

1.17b

1.10

0.27

1.61a

3.71b

3.98a

1.19

SEM

0.0142

0.026

0.04

0.152

0.029

0.044

0.068

0.021

a-c Means within a row without common superscripts differ significantly, P<0.05.

Intestinal pH and viscosity

As shown table 10, enzyme indicated no significant effect on pH of jejunal content (P>0.05). Nevertheless, considering matrix value for all NSP enzymes significantly (P<0.05) lowered jejunal Viscosity of birds and there was no difference (P>0.05) among enzymes.

Water intake and litter moisture

Data of the effects of treatments on water intake and litter moisture of broiler chickens are reported in Table 10. Enzyme addition did not have a significant (P > 0.05) effect on water-feed ratio of the chicks at 25, 33 and 40 d and litter moisture. Nevertheless, there was significant decrease in water-feed ratio diet at 5 and 15 d and litter moisture at day 42of birds when enzyme added to control diet.

Table 10. Effect of treatments on water intake, intestinal viscosity, and litter moisture.

Item

Control

Enzyme A

Enzyme B

Enzyme C

SEM

Water to feed ratio, ml/g

5d

3.07a

2.79ab

2.34b

2.27b

0.010

15d

2.87a

2.42ab

2.09b

1.98b

0.089

25d

2.53

2.29

2.20

2.17

0.076

33d

2.37

2.04

2.05

1.95

0.084

40d

2.38

2.27

2.50

2.33

0.079

Viscosity (cps), day 23

2.12a

1.82b

1.78b

1.72b

0.053

pH, day 23

6.28

6.10

6.17

6.11

0.099

litter moisture(%), day 42

21.9a

16.6b

15.9b

15.5b

0.812

a-c Means within a row without common superscripts differ significantly, P<0.05.


Discussion

Productive performance

Enzyme supplementation led to an increase in feed consumption, as reported by Garcia et al. (2008). There are many of study that clearly showed the NSPs (i.e., β-glucan and arabinoxylan) of barley and some variety of wheat is responsible for high intestinal viscosity of poultry (Rodríguez et al 2012; Kalmendal and Tauson 2012). This condition would decrease passage rate of intestinal contents and alter the transport of the nutrients at the mucosal surface (Ribeiro et al 2012). NSP-degrading enzyme can alleviate the negative effects of high viscosity via breaking glycosidic bonds that found in wheat and barley, thus, increase growth rate and feed consumption of poultry. Data of ADG and FCR of birds are consistent with published reports (Senkoylu et al 2004; Moftakharzadeh et al 2017). The improvement that occurred may result from improvement in the use of metabolizable energy and digestibility of fat, protein and carbohydrates. The proposed mechanism in the literature, which is based on the physical barrier of endosperm cell wall and nutrient encapsulation (Kiarie et al 2013), it has been suggested that the addition of enzymes caused a breakdown of the NSPs particularly β-glucans and pentosans surrounding the starch molecules (Ravn et al 2016). This led to an increase in the availability of carbohydrates and other nutrients in wheat and barley, consequently increasing its nutritive value (Ravn et al 2016; Moharrery et al, 2006)

Carcass characteristics and gastrointestinal parameters

Similar to our results, Shirzadi et al. (2009) reported heavier (P<0.05) carcass and abdominal fat in birds were received enzyme but carcass yield and leg weight had not changed. However, the breast of broilers fed only enzyme C was heavier (P < 0.05) than those fed other diets which is in agreement with Shirzadi et al. (2009). It seems according to viscosity results (Table 10), enzyme C had more impact on it and this condition led to more reduction in deconjugation of bile salts via reducing microflora, particularly Streptococcus faecium and Clostridium perfringens (Knarreborg et al 2002). As a result, absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins lipid increased by brush border in small intestine. Finally, increase in vitamin involved in bone metabolism including vitamin D, A and K result in an increase of broiler’s bone mineral density and weights of the head, neck and back can be increased in comparison with weight of breast. Hence, this ordinance redounded to decrease of breast weight as proportion to live weight. Increased abdominal fat weight in present study could be related to improvement in nutrient availability and potential energy of diet that occurred when enzyme added to diet. This condition may result in conversion extra energy to abdominal fat.

There was downward trend in weight of gastrointestinal organ and length of gut when bird fed enzyme at day 23 and 42. But, only weight and length of jejunum were significantly reduced with enzyme usage only at day 42. Shakouri et al. (2009) reported that accumulation of undigested feed in the intestine could cause an increase in size of gastrointestinal tract and organs as a response to intestinal motility and digestive excretions. But, in this study only jejunum weight and length affect by enzyme. The explanation for this effect of glucanase and xylanase is not clear, but it proposed since jejunum is the most important segment of small intestine for digestion and absorption of nutrients in broiler, this impact was significant. The increase in pancreas weight for birds fed wheat and barley could be related to an increase in endogenous enzyme activities and secretion volume required to digest NSP-containing cereals, as reported earlier by Sieo et al. (2005).

Intestinal pH and viscosity

Other researchers that used wheat or barley as a main cereal have previously reported increasing intestinal viscosity. Rodríguez et al. (2012) observed an increase in digesta viscosity of broiler chickens when wheat and barley were used as main cereal. Also Saki and Alipana. (2005) reported a significant increase in viscosity of gut for chicks fed diets containing different levels of wheat compared to control diet. The reduction in viscosity in birds given enzyme paralleled the improvement in weight gain and feed efficiency. These results are in agreement with other reports (Moftakharzadeh et al 2017). Kiarie et al. (2014) reported similar decrease in intestinal viscosity when xylanase was added to wheat and corn based diets. In addition, similar effects have been reported with wheat (Mazhari et al 2007). Viscosity caused by NSP soluble components of barley and wheat., The breakdown of NSP into smaller polymers prevents them from forming viscous networks (Malathi and Devegowda, 2001)., Viscosity is highly dependent on several factors, including the size of the molecule, whether it is branched or linear (Bedford et al 1991), and the concentration present. Enzyme addition reduced the size of this structure and, thus, reduced viscosity (Ravn et al 2016). Data of jejunal pH is in agreement with Hadorn and Wiedmer. (2001).

Water intake and litter moisture

At days 5 and 15 enzyme supplementation drastically reduced water-feed ratio of broilers, which is in agreement with Garcia et al. (2008) and Moftakharzadeh et al. (2017). Vukic-vrajes and Wenk. (1995) reported that enzyme supplementation reduced water intake at early age in chicks fed barley. It has been reported that soluble-NSP content of cereals bind with water in the intestines, resulting in the formation of gels, which increases the viscosity of the intestinal contents (Svihus et al 2005). The improvement in water intake at early days suggests that young birds are particularly sensitive to both soluble and insoluble NSP and could benefit from supplemental NSP-enzymes and reduce amount of water that are needed for birds.


Conclusion


Acknowledgement

The authors express their gratitude to University of Tehran for providing the equipment and facilities to perform this trial.


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Received 11 July 2017; Accepted 15 December 2017; Published 1 February 2018

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